The Tsar made the situation worse by taking personal control of the Imperial Russian Army in 1915, a challenge far beyond his skills. Russian Republic • October Revolution • Civil War(Red Army • White Guard • separatists • others). Answer: Main causes were: Autocratic rule of Tsars: In 1914, the Russian emperor was Tsar Nicholas II. The uprising began on 24 October and Kerensky, the … [30] By October, he returned to Petrograd (present-day St. Petersburg), aware that the increasingly radical city presented him no legal danger and a second opportunity for revolution. French and German Social Democrats had voted in favour of their respective governments' war efforts. In the chaos, members of the Duma, Russia's parliament, assumed control of the country, forming the Russian Provisional Government. However, Kerensky lost control after the Bolsheviks came to power in October 1917, and the conditions of their imprisonment grew stricter and talk of putting Nicholas on trial increased. [56] Marxism was manifested in Vietnam as early as the Spring of 1925 when the Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League was established, with the league being described as "first truly Marxist organization in Indochina"[57] The domino effect caused more concern among Western countries in regards to Communism in Southeast Asia. Sailors and soldiers, along with Petrograd workers, took to the streets in violent protest, calling for "all power to the Soviets". The Russian Revolution of 1917 was one of the most significant events in the 20 th century. Scholarly literature on peasants is now extensive. The 1917 Russian Revolution, directly related to the Great War, opened a new era with a radically new prototype of state and society that changed the course of the twentieth century. The army leadership felt they did not have the means to suppress the revolution, and Emperor Nicholas II abdicated his throne. The Russian Revolution What factors led to the Russian Revolution, and what was its outcome? "Kornilov mutiny". Daly, Jonathan and Leonid Trofimov, eds. Even after the 1905 Revolution spurred the Tsar to decree limited civil rights and democratic representation, he worked to limit even these liberties in order to preserve the ultimate authority of the crown. The resolution was passed 10–2 (Lev Kamenev and Grigory Zinoviev prominently dissenting) promoting the October Revolution. With a firm belief that his power to rule was granted by Divine Right, Nicholas assumed that the Russian people were devoted to him with unquestioning loyalty. (ii) Liberals in Russia were very active. There were Several factors that led to the Russian Revolution in 1905 (i) Tsar’s Autocratic rule was not tolerable now. In one 1904 survey, it was found that an average of 16 people shared each apartment in Saint Petersburg, with six people per room. ", Tereshchuk, Andrei V. "The Last Autocrat Reassessing Nicholas II", Wade, Rex A. The period after emancipation was the first time the lower classes of Russia … ", This page was last edited on 26 December 2020, at 15:51. Vladimir Lenin during the Russian Revolution, 1917. Thus the cities were constantly short of food. Lenin had practised terror and advocated revolutionary amoralism."[62]. Lenin rejected both the defence of Russia and the cry for peace. [20] He was placed under house arrest with his family by the Provisional Government. As the counter revolutionary White movement gathered force, leading to full-scale civil war by the summer, the Romanovs were moved during April and May 1918 to Yekaterinburg, a militant Bolshevik stronghold. Radzinsky noted that Lenin's bodyguard personally delivered the telegram ordering the execution and that he was ordered to destroy the evidence. Vladimir Lenin and his Bolshevik Party led the Russian revolution of 1917. The poor conditions only aggravated the situation, with the number of strikes and incidents of public disorder rapidly increasing in the years shortly before World War I. 3 March], a provisional government was announced. The Russian Revolution took place in 1917 when the peasants and working class people of Russia revolted against the government of Tsar Nicholas II. The events of Bloody Sunday triggered nationwide protests and soldier mutinies. Critics on the Right have long argued that the financial and logistical assistance of German intelligence via their key agent, Alexander Parvus was a key component as well, though historians are divided, since there is little evidence supporting that claim. To secure his position, Kerensky had to ask for Bolshevik assistance. Although the Bolsheviks did not have extensive political experience, their portrayal of the revolution itself as both a political and symbolic order resulted in Communism's portrayal as a messianic faith, formally known as communist messianism. Serious defeats, Nicholas II declares himself Commander in Chief. However, Napoleon overthrows Snowball as Stalin overthrew Trotsky and Napoleon takes over the farm the animals live on. Religious faith helped bind all of these tenets together as a source of comfort and reassurance in the face of difficult conditions and as a means of political authority exercised through the clergy. At the same time, urban industrial life had its benefits, though these could be just as dangerous (in terms of social and political stability) as the hardships. Inflation dragged incomes down at an alarmingly rapid rate, and shortages made it difficult for an individual to sustain oneself. [50] The May Fourth Movement is considered a turning point where Communism took root in Chinese society, especially among intellectuals. [46][47], The Russian Revolution became the site for many instances of symbolism, both physical and non-physical. Early in 1916, Guchkov discussed with senior army officers and members of the Central War Industries Committee about a possible coup to force the abdication of the Tsar. The remaining loyal units switched allegiance the next day.[18]. Less than one year later, the last area controlled by the White Army, the Ayano-Maysky District, directly to the north of the Krai containing Vladivostok, was given up when General Anatoly Pepelyayev capitulated in 1923. The Bolsheviks turned workers' militias under their control into the Red Guards (later the Red Army), over which they exerted substantial control.[1]. The Government then responded with an armed suppression of these revolts and suffered ten thousand casualties before entering the city of Kronstadt. Also, the problem of shortages was largely solved by a major effort to increase domestic production. [37][38] The Whites had backing from other countries such as the United Kingdom, France, the United States, and Japan, while the Reds possessed internal support, proving to be much more effective. To the question, Who led the February revolution? [15] By 10 March [O.S. Students, white-collar workers, and teachers joined the workers in the streets and at public meetings. According to Edvard Radzinsky and Dmitrii Volkogonov, the order came directly from Lenin and Yakov Sverdlov in Moscow. The Bolsheviks executed the tsar and his family on 16 July 1918. Russia was backward, but not that backward, with a working class population of more than some 4-5% of the population. [31] The Bolshevik Central Committee drafted a resolution, calling for the dissolution of the Provisional Government in favor of the Petrograd Soviet. Meanwhile Germany was able to produce great amounts of munitions whilst constantly fighting on two major battlefronts.[4]. Workers responded to the massacre with a crippling general strike, forcing Nicholas to put forth the October Manifesto, which established a democratically elected parliament (the State Duma). Empire to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics … Lenin had been living in exile in neutral Switzerland and, due to democratization of politics after the February Revolution, which legalized formerly banned political parties, he perceived the opportunity for his Marxist revolution. In fact, this was precisely what was being created, though this "dual power" (dvoyevlastiye) was the result less of the actions or attitudes of the leaders of these two institutions than of actions outside their control, especially the ongoing social movement taking place on the streets of Russia's cities, factories, shops, barracks, villages, and in the trenches.[25]. The events of the revolution were a direct result of the growing conflict in World War I, but the significance of an empire collapsing and a people … Other political groups were trying to undermine him. Second Congress of Soviets: Mensheviks and right SR delegates walk out in protest against the previous day's events. [19] Six days later, Nicholas, no longer Tsar and addressed with contempt by the sentries as "Nicholas Romanov", was reunited with his family at the Alexander Palace at Tsarskoye Selo. Trotsky is represented by a pig called Snowball who is a brilliant talker and makes magnificent speeches. "Tsarist Russia at War: The View from Above, 1914–February 1917", Lyandres, Semion, and Andrei Borisovich Nikolaev. It was for this reason that on 11 March [O.S. Revolutionary tribunals were present during both the Revolution and the Civil War, intended for the purpose of combatting forces of counter-revolution. He is Tsar Nicholas II who ruled Russia and its empire till the revolution. When the procession of workers led by Father Gapon reached the Winter Palace it was attacked by the police and the Cossacks. The Petrograd Soviet met in the Tauride Palace, the same building where the new government was taking shape. World War I was very hard on the Russian Empire. An ally in the left fraction of the Revolutionary-Socialist Party, with huge support among the peasants who opposed Russia's participation in the war, supported the slogan 'All power to the Soviets'. Prisons, courts, and police bombs attacked and looted by angry crowds. "The Revolutionary Youth League: Cradle of Communism in Vietnam. by means of revolution). 22 February], workers at Putilov, Petrograd's largest industrial plant was closed by a strike. In August, poor and misleading communication led General Lavr Kornilov, the recently appointed Supreme Commander of Russian military forces, to believe that the Petrograd government had already been captured by radicals, or was in serious danger thereof. Strikes increased steadily from the middle of 1915, and so did crime, but, for the most part, people suffered and endured, scouring the city for food. It is possible the left SR had a good chance to reach more than 25% of the votes and thereby legitimate the October revolution but we can only guess. First All-Russian Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies opens in Petrograd. [24], The relationship between these two major powers was complex from the beginning and would shape the politics of 1917. The Russian Revolution inspired other communist movements around the world in regions such as South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. [5], Meanwhile, Socialist Revolutionary leaders in exile, many of them living in Switzerland, had been the glum spectators of the collapse of international socialist solidarity. He failed to look after the interest of the common man. "[52], Cuba experienced its own communist revolution as well, known as the Cuban Revolution, which began in July 1953 under the leadership of revolutionary Fidel Castro. However, Austro-Hungarian forces allied to Germany were driven back deep into the Galicia region by the end of the year. When it became clear that the Bolsheviks had little support outside of the industrialized areas of Saint Petersburg and Moscow, they simply barred non-Bolsheviks from membership in the Soviets. [6], An elementary theory of property, believed by many peasants, was that land should belong to those who work on it. When the Provisional Government chose to continue fighting the war with Germany, the Bolsheviks and other socialist factions exploited the virtually universal disdain towards the war effort as justification to advance the revolution further. That the order came from the top has long been believed, although there is a lack of hard evidence. He campaigned for an immediate end of Russia's participation in the war, granting land to the peasants, and providing bread to the urban workers. [22] The socialists had formed their rival body, the Petrograd Soviet (or workers' council) four days earlier. The Russian people were angry at Tsar Nicholas II for getting Russia into the war. Over the course of the spring, public dissatisfaction with the Provisional Government and the war, in particular among workers, soldiers and peasants, pushed these groups to radical parties. There were great shortages of food and supplies, which was difficult to remedy because of the wartime economic conditions. [54] Today, Cuba is moving more towards Capitalism and a free-market economy, as the Center for Democracy in the Americas (CDA) believes Castro's policies during his rule fostered "an acceptance that market forces can play a role in economic policy and that economic growth must be the central criterion to judge economic success."[55]. This issue is subject to conflicting views on the communist history by various Marxist groups and parties. "[58] Since the Fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975, Vietnam has remained a communist country. "Bay of Pigs Invasion. The Tsar is warned that his army will not support him against a revolution. "April Days": mass demonstrations by workers, soldiers, and others in the streets of Petrograd and Moscow triggered by the publication of the Foreign Minister. The vast demand for factory production of war supplies and workers resulted in many more labor riots and strikes. It was far less sporadic than the revolution of February and came about as the result of deliberate planning and coordinated activity to that end. Millions of Russians had been either killed or wounded. The model for the Soviets were workers' councils that had been established in scores of Russian cities during the 1905 Revolution. A report by the St. Petersburg branch of the security police, the Okhrana, in October 1916, warned bluntly of "the possibility in the near future of riots by the lower classes of the empire enraged by the burdens of daily existence."[13]. Elects Central Executive Committee of Soviets (VTsIK), headed by Mensheviks and SRs. It continued for several years, during which the Bolsheviks defeated both the Whites and all rival socialists. When delegates representing the Kronstadt sailors arrived at Petrograd for negotiations, they raised 15 demands primarily pertaining to the Russian right to freedom. Germany did not participate in the civil war as it surrendered to the Allied.[33]. It was hoped that they could equip themselves with arms recovered from fallen soldiers, of both sides, on the battlefields. The revolution erupted in the context of Russia's major military losses during the war, which resulted in much of the Russian Army being ready to mutiny. Kronstadtin kapina 1921 ja sen perilliset Suomessa (Kronstadt Rebellion 1921 and Its Descendants in Finland) by Erkki Wessmann. "Battlefield 1 – In the Name of the Tsar – Battlefield Official Site", Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War, Russia in War and Revolution, 1914–1922: A Documentary History, Social Identities in Revolutionary Russia, Russia in War and Revolution, 1914-1922: A Documentary History, 1914-1918-online. "Contemporary Russian Scholarship on the February Revolution in Petrograd: Some Centenary Observations. They brought these jurisdictions into unification under the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1922. At the beginning of February, Petrograd workers began several strikes and demonstrations. The year is 1917. Soon after, civil war erupted among the "Reds" (Bolsheviks), the "Whites" (counter-revolutionaries), the independence movements, and other socialist factions opposed to the Bolsheviks. Bolshevik majority in. The Mensheviks largely maintained that Russia had the right to defend herself against Germany, although Julius Martov (a prominent Menshevik), now on the left of his group, demanded an end to the war and a settlement on the basis of national self-determination, with no annexations or indemnities. Conditions became increasingly difficult to afford food and physically obtain it. Although many ordinary Russians joined anti-German demonstrations in the first few weeks of the war, hostility toward the Kaiser and the desire to defend their land and their lives did not necessarily translate into enthusiasm for the Tsar or the government.[9][10][11]. By some other historians' accounts, Lenin and his followers were unprepared for how their groundswell of support, especially among influential worker and soldier groups, would translate into real power in the summer of 1917. [40] The Government firmly denounced the rebellions and labelled the requests as a reminder of the Social Revolutionaries, a political party that was popular among Soviets before Lenin, but refused to cooperate with the Bolshevik Army. Russian Revolution, also called Russian Revolution of 1917, two revolutions in 1917, the first of which, in February (March, New Style), overthrew the imperial government and the second of which, in October (November), placed the Bolsheviks in power. Working-class women in St. Petersburg reportedly spent about forty hours a week in food lines, begging, turning to prostitution or crime, tearing down wooden fences to keep stoves heated for warmth, and continued to resent the rich. Orlando Figes, A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924 (New York: Viking Press 1997), 767. “The October Revolution was not what you call in America the ‘Russian Revolution’. [61], A Lenin biographer, Robert Service, states he "laid the foundations of dictatorship and lawlessness. Shops closed early or entirely for lack of bread, sugar, meat, and other provisions, and lines lengthened massively for what remained. [60] While the Soviet-Marxist view has been largely discredited, an "anti-Stalinist" version of it attempts to draw a distinction between the "Lenin period" (1917–23) and the "Stalin period" (1923–53). Lvov resigns and asks Kerensky to become Prime Minister and form a new government. The war did not only devastate soldiers. These ideals were championed most vociferously by Russia's liberals, although populists, Marxists, and anarchists also claimed to support democratic reforms. The Petrograd Soviet and the Provisional Government competed for power over Russia. Question: Who led the Russian Revolution? By 1914, 40% of Russian workers were employed in factories of 1,000+ workers (32% in 1901). Also known as the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party, the RSDLP was founded in 1898 in Belarus’ capital of Minsk. At the same time, peasant life and culture was changing constantly. While rural agrarian peasants had been emancipated from serfdom in 1861, they still resented paying redemption payments to the state, and demanded communal tender of the land they worked. World War I added to the chaos. Lenin and Trotsky said that the goal of socialism in Russia would not be realized without the success of the world proletariat in other countries, e.g. It began during the First World War, with the February Revolution that was focused in and around the then-capital, Petrograd (now Saint Petersburg). Majority of deputies of the Petrograd Soviet approve a Bolshevik resolution for an all-socialist government excluding the bourgeoisie. However, the October revolution forced the political parties behind the newly dissolved provisional government to move and move fast for immediate elections. Many Bolsheviks, however, had supported the Provisional Government, including Lev Kamenev.[26]. [dubious – discuss] In response, he ordered troops to Petrograd to pacify the city. Strikers in Petrograd protest at the deaths in Ivánovo-Voznesénsk. Nicholas nominated his brother, the Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich, to succeed him. The soldiers refused to follow the new orders. Stalin later rejected this idea, stating that socialism was possible in one country. The Bolshevik failure in the July Days proved temporary. This was mainly because, as the war progressed, many of the officers who were loyal to the Tsar were killed, being replaced by discontented conscripts from the major cities who had little loyalty to the Tsar. "The historiography of the Russian revolution 100 years on. The new communist government created the country of the Soviet Union. The provisional government with its second and third coalition was led by a right wing fraction of the Socialist-Revolutionary party, SR. [5], It was these views of Martov that predominated in a manifesto drawn up by Leon Trotsky (at the time a Menshevik) at a conference in Zimmerwald, attended by 35 Socialist leaders in September 1915. In the autumn of 1915, Nicholas had taken direct command of the army, personally overseeing Russia's main theatre of war and leaving his ambitious but incapable wife Alexandra in charge of the government. Russian soldiers in the trenches of … Victorious, they reconstituted themselves as the Communist Party. The Russian Revolution was, while a huge economic, social, and political change, the result of a number of different factors that built up over time, including economic, military, and political circumstances. Beach, Blue, Red Beach, and Green Beach. Strikes, mutinies, street demonstrations led to the fall of autocracy. 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